2 Men [Constantine + Hillel] ÷ 2 Agendas = 1 Massive Deception
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In the fourth century C.E., the ancient Sabbath was supplanted by Saturday through a change in calendars.
The true Sabbath of Scripture was lost. |
One of the greatest frauds in the history of the world was perpetrated almost 1,700 years ago by the actions of two men. The Roman emperor, Constantine, committed a portentous act: he unified his empire by promoting Sunday as the day of Yahushua’s resurrection and outlawed the use of the Biblical calendar for calculating Passover. This set in motion a series of reactions. Jewish leader Hillel II responded to the persecution following this legislation by a modification of the Biblical calendar. This supplanted the true Sabbath with the pagan Saturday. It was a chain of actions and reactions of epic proportions. The ramifications continue to this day with every Christian and Jew that worships by the Gregorian calendar.
ACTION
Constantine
The fourth century was a vast sea change
in the tumultuous ocean current of history.
Christianity was gaining an ever-larger presence in the Roman Empire,
while paganism remained the dominating influence. The time was ripe for someone with the power
and initiative to take advantage of a unique time in history.St. Constantine the Great (c. 272 – 337 C.E.) is widely viewed as the first “Christian” emperor of the Roman Empire. The reality is he was, first and foremost, a pagan. He allowed himself to be baptized shortly before his death, but he retained his position as head of the state religion and carried its title, Pontifex Maximus, until his death.[1] Even Catholics admit Constantine retained the office of pontifex maximus after his so-called “conversion.”[2]
The early Julian calendar, like that of the Roman Republic before it, had an eight-day week. The letters A through H represented the days of the week. At that time, different countries used different means of keeping track of time and within the Roman Empire itself, there were regional differences in the Julian calendar. The pagan seven-day planetary week came to Rome in the first century B.C.E.[3]
Despite the emergence of the planetary week, the early Julian calendar continued to use an eight-day week for some time. “The nundinal [eight-day] cycle was eventually replaced by the modern seven-day week, which first came into use in Italy during the early imperial period,[4] after the Julian calendar had come into effect in 45 BC. The system of nundinal letters was also adapted for the [seven-day] week…. For a while, the week and the nundinal cycle coexisted, but by the time the week was officially adopted by Constantine in AD 321, the nundinal cycle had fallen out of use.”[5] While the pagan planetary week of seven days was known by the Romans and used regionally, the Julian calendar in use during and immediately following the life of Yahushua, still used an eight-day week.
This fact is supported by archeological evidence: the Julian fasti still in existence today show either eight-day weeks or list both eight-day and seven-day weeks on the same calendar.
The decline of the eight-day week
coincided with the expansion of Rome. .
. . The astrological [planetary] and Christian seven-day weeks that had just
been introduced into Rome were also becoming increasingly popular. There is evidence indicating that the Roman
eight-day week and those two seven-day cycles were used simultaneously for some
time. However, the coexistence of two weekly rhythms that were
entirely out
of phase with one another obviously could not be sustained for long.
One of them clearly had to give way. As we all know, it was the
eight-day week
that soon disappeared from the pages of history forever.[6]
This was not an immediate
transformation. As the seven-day
planetary week became more popular, the use of the letters (A through G) to designate
days was laid aside and the days of the week were named after the planetary
gods.
It is
not to be doubted that the diffusion of the Iranian [Persian] mysteries has had
a considerable part in the general adoption, by the pagans, of the week with the
Sunday as a holy day. The names which we
employ, unawares, for the other six days, came into use at the same time that
Mithraism won its followers in the provinces in the West, and one is not rash
in establishing a relation of coincidence between its triumph and that
concomitant phenomenon.[7]
Archeological evidence shows Christians
double dating their sepulcher inscriptions, giving both the solar Julian date
and the corresponding date on the luni-solar Biblical calendar. One such inscription, dated Friday, November
5, 269 C.E. states: “In the consulship of Claudius and Paternus, on
the Nones of November, on the day of Venus, and on the 24th day of
the lunar month, Leuces placed [this memorial] to her very dear daughter
Severa, and to Thy Holy Spirit. She died [at the age] of 55 years, and 11
months, [and] 10 days.”[8]  This stick calendar from the Baths of Titus,
constructed in 79 - 81 C.E. shows Saturn, holding his sickle, as god of
the first day of the week (Saturday). The sun god is next (Sunday),
followed by the moon goddess (Monday) on the third day of the week. |
The sun, however, was Constantine’s personal symbol. He had Sol Invictus (Unconquered Sun) inscribed on his coins and it remained his personal motto all his life. Exalting Sunday was acceptable to pagans and something on which some Christians had already compromised. By the second century, many Christians (particularly in the west) had already come to revere Sunday as the day of the Saviour’s resurrection. This was the opening Constantine needed for uniting paganism and Christianity.
The Sunday law of Constantine must not
be overrated. He enjoined the observance, or rather
forbade the public desecration of Sunday, not under the name of Sabbatum [Sabbath] or dies Domini [Lord’s day], but under its
old astrological and heathen title, dies
Solis [Sunday], familiar to all his subjects, so that the law was as
applicable to the worshipers of Hercules, Apollo, and Mithras, as to the
Christians. There is no reference
whatever in his law either to the fourth commandment or to the resurrection of
Christ.[9]
Constantine is viewed as a Christian because of
his Sunday law but his “Sunday law” was deliberately ambiguous. He wanted it to be acceptable to both pagans and Christians!
How
such a law would further the designs of Constantine it is not difficult to
discover. It would confer a special honor upon the festival of the Christian
church,[10] and it would grant a slight boon to the
pagans themselves. In fact there is
nothing in this edict which might not have been written by a pagan. The law
does honor to the pagan deity whom Constantine had adopted as his special
patron god, Apollo or the Sun. The very name of the day lent itself to
this ambiguity. The term Sunday (dies Solis) was in use among Christians as well as pagan.[11]
The seven-day planetary week was the vehicle for
change. Both the eight-day Julian week
and the seven-day Biblical week were laid aside for the planetary week of
Mithraism. This week came from paganism,not the Bible as Christians today
assume. “The
time was ripe for a reconciliation of state and church, each of which needed
the other. It was a stroke of genius in Constantine to realize this and act
upon it. He offered peace to the church, provided that she would recognize the
state and support the imperial power.”[12]Constantine’s Sunday law did reconcile pagans and many of the Christians. However, it also served to bring to the forefront a controversy that had already raged for over 100 years: when to celebrate the Saviour’s sacrifice. Up until this time, many Christians, especially in the east, were still worshipping on the seventh-day Sabbath as well as keeping the annual feasts of Yahuwah calculated by the Biblical luni-solar calendar. Even many who had embraced worship on Sunday still used the Biblical calendar for calculating Passover.
 Easter: Pagan Passover |
Since
the second century A.D.
there had been a divergence of opinion
about the date for celebrating the paschal (Easter) anniversary of the Lord’s
passion (death, burial, and resurrection). The most ancient practice appears to have been to observe the fourteenth
(the Passover date), fifteenth, and sixteenth days of the lunar month regardless of the day of the [Julian] week
these dates might fall on from year to year. The bishops of Rome, desirous
of enhancing the observance of Sunday as a church festival, ruled that the
annual celebration should always be held on the Friday, Saturday, and Sunday
following the fourteenth day of the lunar month. In
Rome, Friday and Saturday of Easter were fast days, and on Sunday the fast was
broken by partaking of the communion. This
controversy lasted almost two centuries, until Constantine intervened in behalf
of the Roman bishops and outlawed the other group.[13]
A statement by Eusebius of Caesarea
reveals that the churches of Asia had long clung to observing Passover on Abib
14, while the churches in the west had transitioned to the pagan Easter Sunday:
A question of no small importance arose
at that time [late second century] for the parishes of all Asia, as from an
older tradition, held that the fourteenth
day of the moon, on which day the Jews were commanded to sacrifice the lamb,
should be observed as the feast of the Saviour’s Passover. It was therefore necessary to end their fast
on that day, whatever day of the [Julian]
week it should happen to be. But it
was not the custom of the churches in the rest of the world to end it at this
time….[14]
The continuous weekly cycle of the Julian calendar meant that the Biblical Passover on Abib 14 could fall on any
day of the Julian week. Consequently,
Abib 16, the day of the resurrection, did not always fall on Sunday. Those pressing for an Easter celebration on
the Julian calendar drew up a decree, proclaiming that all Christians should
observe the resurrection on Easter Sunday, rather than the Passover of Abib
14. Thus, the observation of a pagan
holiday ostensibly honoring Jesus’ resurrection supplanted Yahuwah’s feast
commemorating Yahushua’s death.
Synods and assemblies of bishops were
held on this account, and all, with one consent, through mutual correspondence
drew up an ecclesiastical decree, that the mystery of the resurrection of the
Lord should be celebrated on no other but the Lord’s day [Sunday], and that we
should observe the close of the paschal fast on this day only.[15]
 The Resurrection: Easter? or First Fruits? |
But the bishops of Asia, led by
Polycrates, decided to hold to the old
custom handed down to them. He
himself, in a letter which he addressed to Victor and the church of Rome, set
forth in the following words the tradition which had come down to him:
We observe the exact day; neither adding,
nor taking away. For in Asia also great
lights have fallen asleep, which shall rise again on the day of the Lord’s
coming, when he shall come with glory from heaven, and shall seek out all the
saints. Among these are Philip, one of
the twelve apostles . . . and, moreover, John, who was both a witness and a
teacher, who reclined upon the bosom of the Lord, and . . . fell asleep at
Ephesus. And Polycarp in Smyrna, who was
a bishop and martyr . . . All these
observed the fourteenth day of the passover according to the Gospel, deviating
in no respect, but following the rule of faith.[16]
If the believers in Asia were refusing to
give up the Biblical calendar for calculating Passover, it is probable that
they had likewise refused to forsake the true Sabbath
calculated by the same calendar. The
Bishop of Rome “immediately attempted to cut off from the common unity the
parishes of all Asia, with the churches that agreed with them as heterodox; and
he wrote letters and declared all the brethren there wholly excommunicate.”[17]It is of import to note that there was never any argument over when the resurrection actually occurred. Both acknowledged that it occurred on Abib 16 of the luni-solar calendar. The disagreement, as noted in the quote above, was over when to celebrate it. Dates are established by calendars, so ultimately, it was an argument over which calendar would be used to determine the celebration. In order to truly unify Christians and pagans alike, the observance of the crucifixion and resurrection had to be transferred from the Biblical luni-solar calendar to the pagan, Julian solar calendar. Four years after the decrees exalting Sunday in 321 C.E., Constantine convened the Council of Nicea in 325 to settle this debate.
No longer would the Saviour’s sacrifice be observed on the 14th, 15th and 16th days of Abib on the luni-solar calendar. In the future, such remembrances would be transferred to the Friday, Saturday and Easter Sunday of the Julian calendar, which can drift from March 20-22 to April 22-25. The bishop of Rome, himself desirous of greater power and influence, threw the weight of his influence with Constantine. “By the time of Constantine, apostasy in the church was ready for the aid of a friendly civil ruler to supply the wanting force of coercion.”[18]
Constantine was emphatic that Jewish calendation should no longer be used for calculating these dates.
At
the Council of Nice [Nicea] the last thread was snapped which connected
Christianity to its parent stock. The festival of Easter had up till now been
celebrated for the most part at the same time as the Jewish Passover, and
indeed upon the days calculated and fixed by the Synhedrion [Sanhedrin] in
Judæa for its celebration; but in future
its observance was to be rendered altogether independent of the Jewish
calendar, “For it is unbecoming beyond measure that on this holiest of
festivals we should follow the customs of the Jews. Henceforward let us have
nothing in common with this odious people; our Saviour has shown us another
path. It would indeed be absurd if the Jews were able to boast that we are not
in a position to celebrate the Passover without the aid of their rules
(calculations).” These remarks are attributed to the Emperor Constantine . . .
[and became] the guiding principle of the Church which was now to decide the fate of the Jews.[19]
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Constantine accomplished three things,
the ripple effects of which resound to this day:
1. Standardized
the planetary week of seven days making dies
Solis (Sunday) the first day of the week, with dies Saturni (Saturday) the last day of the week.
2. Exalted Easter and guaranteed that the true Passover and the pagan Easter would
never fall on the same day.
3. Exalted dies Solis as the day of
worship for both pagans and Christians.
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The
long-term effect was that “Easter Sunday” entered the Christian paradigm as The Day of Christ’s resurrection. The corollary to
this realignment of time calculation was that the day preceding Easter Sunday,
Saturday, became forever after The True Bible Sabbath. This is the true
significance of Constantine’s “Sunday law” and it laid the foundation for
the modern assumption that a continuous weekly cycle has always existed.[20]
The result of Constantine’s actions actually favored the pagan
faction of the empire. However, the
corrupt bishops of Rome were able to present these actions as favorable to
Christians. “By the time of Constantine, apostasy in the church was
ready for the aid of a friendly civil ruler to supply the wanting force of
coercion.”[21]
The true luni-solar calendar, handed down from Creation and
Moses, was lost.Result
The result of Constantine’s ecumenism was swiftly felt. All who refused to give up the use of the Biblical calendar for calculating Passover, felt the heavy hand of oppression fall on them. Constantine’s son, Constantius, took his father’s act one step further and outlawed the use of the Biblical calendar for Jews as well. Historian David Sidersky observed: “It was no more possible under Constance to apply the old calendar.”[22]
In
subsequent years, the Jews went through “iron and fire.” The Christian emperors forbade the
Jewish computation of the calendar, and
did not allow the announcement of the feast days. Graetz says, “The Jewish communities were left
in utter doubt concerning the most important religious decisions: as pertaining to their
festivals.” The immediate consequence was the fixation and calculation
of the Hebrew calendar by Hillel II.[23]
 Changeling: Christians becoming Pagan |
Christians
shall not Judaize and be idle on Saturday, but shall work on that day; but the
Lord’s day
they shall especially honor, and, as being Christians, shall, if possible, do
no work on that day. If however, they are found Judaizing, they shall be shut
out from Christ.
According
to Roman Catholic bishop and scholar, Karl Josef von Hefele (1809-1893), the
use of the word “Saturday” in the above quote is incorrect. In the original, the word used was Sabbath or Sabbato not dies Saturni
or Saturday.
Quod non oportet Christianos Judaizere
et otiare in Sabbato, sed operari in eodem die. Preferentes autem in
veneratione Dominicum diem si vacre voluerint, ut Christiani hoc faciat; quod
si reperti fuerint Judaizere Anathema sint a Christo.
Christians
at the time of the calendar change were not confused over Saturday being the
Sabbath. Everyone knew that dies Saturni had recently been moved from the first
day of the pagan, planetary week to the last day . . . while Sabbato was the
seventh day of the Jewish luni-solar calendar with which no one in power wished
to be associated. Again, these were two different days on two distinct calendar
systems.[25]
The political power of Rome lent support to the religious
decrees of Constantine and Constantius.
While some scholars have mistakenly assumed that the conflict was over
Saturday versus Sunday, the historical reality reveals that people of the time
were well aware of the existence of the Biblical luni-solar calendar and how to
use it. Many believers in the east or
beyond the reaches of the Roman Empire were loathe to abandon Biblical
time-keeping. “Those Christians who were
looking for a way out of their difficulty with Sabbath observance moved towards
a greater regard for the first day of the [Julian] week. But others on the outskirts of the Empire,
where anti-Semitism did not exist, continued their veneration of the seventh
day Sabbath.”[26]REACTION
Hillel II
Just as Constantine was the power behind
an action that ultimately led to the destruction of the Biblical calendar for
use by Christians, another man, a Jew, was responsible for a reaction that had consequences just as
far reaching. |
“Declaring the new month by observation of the new moon, and the new year by the arrival of spring, can only be done by the Sanhedrin. In the time of Hillel II, the last President of the Sanhedrin, the Romans prohibited this practice. Hillel II was therefore forced to institute his fixed calendar, thus in effect giving the Sanhedrin’s advance approval to the calendars of all future years.” "The Jewish Calendar and Holidays (incl. Sabbath): The Jewish Calendar: Changing the Calendar," http://www.torah.org. |
After Hillel II
Distant communities would no longer have to wait for messengers from the President of the Sandedrin to reach them to know when a new month had started. Each community would henceforth be able to determine for themselves when a new month began and when a 13th month was to be added.The “Fixed” Calendar
When Hillel II “fixed” the calendar, he incorporated leap years on a permanent basis.[29] It is possible, but not provable, that this particular cycle of leap years was used and understood prior to Hillel as it follows the 19-year metonic cycle. Hillel based his calendar “on mathematical and astronomical calculations [rather than observations]. This calendar, still in use, standardized the length of months and the addition of months over the course of a 19 year cycle, so that the lunar calendar realigns with the solar years.”[30] He declared a thirteenth month to be intercalated in the 3rd, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th, and the 19th years of the 19-year cycle.But Hillel did more than make known a 19-year cycle of intercalations that was, in all probability, used all along. He also transferred the observance of the ancient Sabbath from the 8th, 15th, 22nd and 29th days of the lunar month, to every Saturday of the Julian months. This change necessitated still another: rules of postponement. Changing the weekly Sabbath from the luni-solar calendar to Saturday is clearly implied by the need for rules of postponement which, prior to Hillel’s “fixing” of the calendar, had been unnecessary. According to the Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, “The New Moon is still, and the Sabbath originally was, dependent upon the lunar cycle.”[31] When both the Sabbath and the annual feasts are calculated on the luni-solar calendar, rules of postponement are unnecessary. It is only when the yearly feasts are calculated by one calendar, and the weekly Sabbath is calculated by another, that there are conflicts requiring rules of postponement.
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Rules of Postponement
1. The Jewish New Year, Feast of Trumpets, may not fall on Sunday,
Wednesday or Friday.2. If the New Moon (molad) for the seventh month falls on Sunday, Wednesday or Friday, the New Moon is postponed until the following day. 3. If the molad of the seventh month in a common year occurs on Tuesday at 3:204/1080 A.M. or later, the New Moon is postponed until Thursday. 4. In a common year following a leap year, if the molad of the seventh month occurs after 9 a.m. and 589/1080 parts on a Monday morning, New Moon is postponed until Tuesday. |
This “fixed” calendar is highly regimented.
There
are exactly fourteen different patterns that the Hebrew calendar years may
take, distinguished by the length of the year and the day of the week on which
Rosh Hashanah falls. Because the rules are complex, a pattern can repeat itself
several times in the course of a few years, and then not recur again for a long
time. But the Jewish calendar is known to be extremely accurate. It does not
"lose" or "gain" time as some other calendars do.[33]
This was an act of survival by Hillel
II. It was made in response to the
brutal persecutions of Constantine’s son, Constantius.
With his own hand the Patriarch destroyed
the last bond which united the communities dispersed throughout the Roman and
Persian empires with the Patriarchate.
He was more concerned for the certainty of the continuance of Judaism than for the dignity of
his own house, and therefore abandoned those functions for which his ancestors
. . . had been so jealous and solicitous.
The members of the Synhedrion
favored this innovation.[34]
When Hillel II “fixed” the calendar, he, in
his position as President of the Sanhedrin, effectually gave permission to the
Jews to worship on Saturday for all future time.|
Result
Today, nearly 1700 years later, the action of
Constantine and its resulting reaction by Hillel II, are still impacting
hundreds of millions of people around the world.
• Catholics worship
on Sunday in honor of the resurrection.
This is in accordance with the act of Constantine which changed the
observance from a luni-solar calculated Passover to the pagan, solar calculated
Easter.
• Jews worship on
Saturday because Talmudic law justifies the act of keeping one day in seven
when one does not know when the true Sabbath falls.
• Most Protestants
join with Catholics in worshipping on Sunday, the first day of the modern,
Gregorian week, assuming it is the day of the resurrection.
• Saturday-sabbath
keeping Protestants worship on Saturday because it is the seventh-day of the
modern week and they assume that since the Jews worship on Saturday, it must be the Biblical Sabbath.
• Muslims,
likewise, honor the pagan/papal Gregorian method of calendation by going to
mosque for prayers on Friday.
|
It is not possible to find the true seventh-day Sabbath using the modern Gregorian calendar. This solar calendar is nothing more than a pagan method of time calculation. The early Julian calendar was established by pagans, for pagans. It was officially adopted for ecclesiastical use at the Council of Nicea. It was later adjusted by Jesuit astronomer, Christopher Clavius, at the behest of Pope Gregory XIII – hence the name, Gregorian calendar. Clavius confirmed that the Julian calendar (and thus the Gregorian calendar that comes from it) is founded on paganism and has no connection whatsoever to the Biblical calendar. In his explanation of the Gregorian calendar, Clavius admitted that when the Julian calendar was accepted as the ecclesiastical calendar of the Church, the Biblical calendar was rejected: "The Catholic Church has never used that [Jewish] rite of celebrating the Passover, but always in its celebration has observed the motion of the moon[35] and sun, and it was thus sanctified by the most ancient and most holy Pontiffs of Rome, but also confirmed by the first Council of Nicaea."[36] The “most ancient and most holy Pontiffs of Rome” here spoken of refer to the pagan College of Pontiffs of which Constantine, as Pontifex Maximus, was the head.
Constantine desired unity. He achieved this goal through ecumenism and outlawing the use of the Biblical calendar for remembering the death of Yahushua. Hillel II desired the physical survival of Judaism. He achieved his goal by compromising with paganism and modifying the Biblical calendar. The result of this action and it’s accompanying reaction has been the assumption by multitudes that Saturday is the Biblical Sabbath and Sunday is the day on which the Saviour was resurrected. Thus, Christians and Jews have calculated their worship days using pagan solar calendation, neglecting the true Sabbath of Yahuwah.
None who desire to worship the Creator on His holy Sabbath will calculate their worship days by this abomination of desolation that dishonors Yahuwah and desolates the soul. Only the luni-solar calendar of Creation can pinpoint when the true Sabbath occurs. Lay aside the traditions of man. Accept only the word of Yah and worship Him by His ordained method of time-keeping.
Watch the Videos!
- The Saturday Swindle: Hiding the Sabbath - Part 1 (Video)
- The Saturday Swindle: Hiding the Sabbath - Part 2 (Video)
[1] This
title, now claimed by the pope, comes from ancient Rome. The Pontifex
Maximus was the high priest of the College of Pontiffs of the pagan Roman
religion. It was both a religious as
well as a political office.
[2] New Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, pp.
179-181. Various inscriptions as
recorded in Corpus Inseriptionum
Latinarum, 1863 ed., Vol. 2, p. 58, #481; “Constantine I”, New Standard Encyclopedia, Vol. 5. See also Christopher B. Coleman, Constantine the Great and Christianity,
p. 46.
[3]
See Robert L. Odom, Sunday in Roman
Paganism, “The Planetary Week in the First Century B.C.”
[4] P.
Brind'Amour, Le Calendrier romain: Recherches chronologiques, 256–275.
[6]
Eviatar Zerubavel, The Seven-day Circle, p.
46, emphasis supplied.
[7] Franz
Cumont, Textes et Monumnets Figures
Relatifs aux Mysteres de Mithra, Vol. I, p. 112, emphasis supplied.
[8] E. Diehl, Inscriptiones Latinae Christianae Veteres,
Vol. 2, p. 193, No. 3391. See also J. B.
de Rossi, Inscriptiones Christianac Urbis
Romae, Vol. 1, part 1, p. 18, No. 11.
J. B. de Rossi,
J. B. de Rossi,
[9] Philip
Schaff, History of the Christian Church,
Vol. III, p. 380, emphasis supplied.
[10]
By this time, the paganized Christians in the west had long been venerating
Sunday as the day of Yahushua’s resurrection.
[11] J.
Westbury-Jones, Roman and Christian
Imperialism, p. 210, emphasis supplied.
[12] Michael I.
Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History
of the Roman Empire, p. 456.
[13]
Odom, op. cit., p. 188, emphasis
supplied.
[14]
Eusebius, Church History, Book V,
Chapter 23, v. 1, emphasis supplied.
[15] Ibid., v. 2.
[16] Ibid., Chapter 24, v. 1-4, 6, emphasis
supplied.
[17] Ibid., v. 9.
[18] Michael I.
Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic
History of the Roman Empire, p. 456.
[19] Heinrich
Graetz, History of the Jews,
(Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America, 1893), Vol. II, pp.
563-564, emphasis supplied.
[20]
eLaine Vornholt & Laura Lee Vornholt-Jones, Calendar Fraud, “Biblical Calendar Outlawed,” emphasis supplied.
[21]
Rostovtzeff, op. cit., p. 456.
[22] David
Sidersky, Astronomical Origin of Jewish
Chronology, p. 651, emphasis supplied.
[23]
Grace
Amadon, “Report of Committee on Historical Basis, Involvement, and Validity of
the October 22, 1844, Position”, Part V, Sec. B, pp. 17-18, Box 7, Folder 1,
Grace Amadon Collection, (Collection 154), Center for Adventist Research,
Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan.
[24] Tertullian,Apologia, chap. 16, in J. P. Migne, Patrologiæ Latinæ, Vol. 1, cols.
369-372; standard English translation in Ante-Nicene
Fathers, Vol. 3, p. 31.
[25]
Vornholt, op. cit., “Changing the
Calendar: Papal Sign of Authority.”
[26]
Leslie Hardinge, Ph.D., The Celtic Church
in Britain, p. 76. Christians in
Scotland continued to calculate Passover by the Biblical calendar until they
got a Roman Catholic queen in the eleventh century.
[28] Excerpted
from The Jewish Encyclopedia,
“Calendar, History of,” http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3920-calendar-history-of,
emphasis
supplied.
[29]
For an explanation of how the rabbinical calendar of Hillel II is calculated,
see http://www.jewfaq.org/calendr2.htm.
[30] Judaism 101,
"Jewish Calendar," www.jewfaq.org
[31] Universal Jewish
Encyclopedia, "Holidays," p. 410.
[34]
Graetz, op. cit., Vol. II, p. 573.
[35] “Easter
is a moveable feast, which means that it does not occur on the same date every
year. How is the date of Easter calculated? The
Council of Nicaea (A.D. 325) set the date of Easter as the Sunday following the
paschal full moon, which is the full moon that falls on or after the vernal
(spring) equinox.” (http://catholicism.about.com/od/holydaysandholidays/f/Calculate_Date.htm)
[36] Christopher Clavius, Romani Calendarii A Gregorio XIII P.M. Restituti Explicato, p. 54.
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